Evaluation of plaque index, gingival index and oral health-related quality of life in obese patients / Evaluación del índice de placa, índice gingival y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal en pacientes obesos

Obesity is a chronic disease that may be related to caries, periodontitis, xerostomia, and dental erosion, as well as increasing morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the plaque index (Silness & Löe, 1964), the gingival index (Löe & Silness, 1963), and the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in obese patients. The study included 45 extremely obese, 45 obese, and 45 normal-weight individuals between the ages of 18 and 58. The plaque index and gingival index of the individuals were determined by clinical examination by probing. In addition, the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire was used for the OHRQoL. The IBM SPSS Statistic 22.0 software program was used for the statistical evaluation of the study data. The plaque index and gingival index values were statistically higher in obese compared to normal weight individuals (p0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the OHIP-14 total scores of the groups (p>0.05). Increased apparent plaque index and gingival index values in obese patients may adversely affect periodontal health.

La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica que puede estar relacionada con caries, periodontitis, xerostomía y erosión dental, además de aumentar la morbimortalidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el índice de placa, el índice gingival y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal (CVSB) en pacientes obesos. El estudio incluyó a 45 individuos extremadamente obesos, 45 obesos y 45 de peso normal entre las edades de 18 y 58 años. El índice de placa y el índice gingival de los individuos se determinaron mediante examen clínico y sondaje periodontal. Además, se utilizó el cuestionario Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) para la evaluación CVSB. Se utilizó el programa informático IBM SPSS Statistic 22.0 para la evaluación estadística. Los valores del índice de placa y del índice gingival fueron estadísticamente más altos en obesos en comparación con los individuos de peso normal (p0,05). No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre las puntuaciones totales de OHIP-14 de los grupos (p>0,05). El aumento del índice de placa aparente y los valores del índice gingival en pacientes obesos pueden afectar negativamente la salud periodontal.

Índice de Placa Bacteriana, Índice Gingival y Prueba de Silometría en Pacientes con Síndrome de Sjögren Primario y Secundario

RESUMEN: El síndrome de Sjögren (SS) es una enfermedad crónica autoinmune presente en el 0.1 - 3.0 % de la población, en la que se encuentran involucradas las glándulas salivales, trayendo consigo manifestaciones orales como caries dental y enfermedad periodontal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el índice de placa, el índice gingival y la prueba de sialometría en pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren primario y secundario. Fueron evaluados clínicamente 40 pacientes con SS primario (n=20) y SS secundario (n=20), ambos grupos diagnosticados con periodontitis crónica. Se registró el índice de placa de Quigley-Hein modificado por Turesky, el índice gingival de Löe y la prueba de silometría estimulada, recolectando saliva parotídea con el dispositivo Carlson-Crittenden. Los pacientes con SS primario tuvieron un índice de placa de (3,53±0,5954) e índice gingival (2,41±0,2608). En pacientes con SS secundario el índice de placa fue (1,62±0,3795) y el índice gingival (1,48±0,3994), con diferencia significativa (p=0,0001) entre ambos grupos. El flujo salival se elevó en pacientes con SS secundario. El presente estudio concluye que el índice de placa y el índice gingival fueron mayores en pacientes con SS primario comparados con pacientes con SS secundario. La prueba de sialometría fue mayor en pacientes con SS secundario.

ABSTRACT: Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease present in 0.1 - 3.0 % of the population, in which the salivary glands are involved, bringing with it oral manifestations such as dental caries and periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the plaque index, gingival index and the sialometry test in patients with primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome. Forty patients with primary SS (n = 20) and secondary SS (n = 20), both groups diagnosed with chronic periodontitis, were evaluated clinically. The Quigley-Hein plaque index modified by Turesky, the gingival index of Löe and stimulated sialometry test collected from parotid gland by using Carlson-Crittenden device were recorded. The patients with primary SS had plaque index (3.53 ± 0.5954) and gingival index (2.41 ± 0.2608). The patients with secondary SS had a plaque index (1.62 ± 0.3795) and gingival index (1.48 ± 0.3994), with significant difference between both groups. The present study concludes that plaque index and gingival index were higher in patients with primary SS than patients with secondary SS. Sialometry test were higher in patients with secondary SS.

The effectiveness of apple, sugar-free chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and tooth brushing in the reduction of plaque index: Crossover randomized clinical trial

Background: The implementation of the self-cleaning practice is of fundamental importance for the maintenance of oral health and to remove the human dental biofilm which is considered the main etiological factor for the development of caries and periodontal diseases. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the use of chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and apples as forms of mechanical control and removal of the dental biofilm in the absence of brushing. Materials and Methods: Eighteen volunteers were submitted to plaque index evaluation after a period of 24 hours of no oral hygiene. Then, they would use one of the methods: chewing gum, Rolly Brush®, apple or tooth brushing, chosen by a draw, for one minute, and then, plaque index was evaluated again. This stage was repeated until all participants were submitted to all selected methods, in periods of 24 hours each. Results: Dental brushing was more effective when compared to each of the other methods applied and there was a statistically significant reduction of dental plaque index after apllying all methods of cleaning in all groups. Conclusion: Chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and apple may be used as auxiliary to dental brushing or when such method is impossible to be performed. Clinicaltrials.gov: number of protocol NCT 03.601.585.

Fundamento: A implementação da prática de autolimpeza é de fundamental importância para a manutenção da saúde bucal e remoção do biofilme dental humano que é considerado o principal fator etiológico para o desenvolvimento de cáries e doenças periodontais. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de goma de mascar, Rolly Brush® e maçã como formas de controle mecânico e remoção do biofilme dental na ausência de escovação. Materiais e Métodos: Dezoito voluntários foram submetidos à avaliação do índice de placa após um período de 24 horas sem higiene bucal. Em seguida, utilizariam um dos métodos: goma de mascar, Rolly Brush®, ingerir uma maçã e escovar os dentes, escolhida por sorteio, por um minuto, e então, o índice de placa era novamente avaliado. Essa etapa foi repetida até que todos os participantes fossem submetidos a todos os métodos selecionados, em períodos de 24 horas cada. Resultados: A escovação dentária foi mais eficaz quando comparada a cada um dos outros métodos aplicados e houve redução estatisticamente significativa do índice de placa dentária após a aplicação do método de limpeza em todos os grupos. Conclusão: Goma de mascar, Rolly Brush® e maçã podem ser utilizados como auxiliares da escovação dentária ou quando tal método for impossível de ser realizado. Clinicaltrials.gov: Número do protocolo NCT 03.601.585.

Índice de higiene oral simplificado en escolares de 6 años de edad, Ecuador, 2016 / Simplified oral hygiene index in schoolchildren of 6 years of age, Ecuador, 2016

Resumen Introducción: La salud bucal tiene una relación dinámica con la salud general y la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo del estudio realizado fue determinar el índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado en niños de 6 años de edad de la parroquia Chiquintad del cantón Cuenca, en el año 2016. Métodos: Se manejó una muestra de 51 escolares de ambos sexos, se utilizó el Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado de Greene y Vermillion aplicado en dentición decidua que consta de un índice de placa blanda y el índice de placa calcificada. Conclusiones: La media de IHO-S en la parroquia Chiquintad fue 0,458 sin presentar una diferencia significativa entre los sexos. El nivel de higiene oral fue bueno en ambos sexos (90%), no se presentó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos (valor p 0,389).

Abstract Introduction: Oral health has a dynamic relationship with the general health and quality of life of patients. Objective: of the study was to determine the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index in 6-year-old children of the Chiquintad of the Cantón Cuenca, in the year 2016. Methods: A sample of 51 schoolchildren of both sexes was used, the Hygiene Index was used Simplified oral of Greene and Vermillion applied in deciduous dentition consisting of a soft plaque index and calcified plaque index. Conclusions: The mean of IHO-S in the Chiquintad parish was 0.458 without presenting a significant difference between the sexes. The level of oral hygiene was good in both sexes (90%), there was no statistically significant difference between the two (p value 0.389).

Gingival Health Related to Intake of Different Types of Foods and Body Mass Index in 12-year-old Schoolchildren / Salud gingival y su relación con la ingesta de diferentes tipos de alimentos y el índice de masa corporal en escolares de 12 años

Abstract: Research on gingival health of 12-year-old schoolchildren in Costa Rica is scarce. Since nutrition is an integral component of oral health, this study aimed to determine gingival status of 12-year-olds at Carmen Lyra Public School, San José, Costa Rica, and correlate these variables with the frequency of intake of different types of food and body mass index (BMI (kg/m2)). Sixty-two 12-year-old schoolchildren were recruited. A periodontist assessed Plaque Index (Silness and Löe,1964), presence of calculus, and Gingival Index (Löe and Silness, 1967). Gingivitis was defined as the presence of bleeding on probing (BOP) on at least one site, and the extent was classified according to the percentage of teeth whose gingiva presented BOP limited: 25-49% of teeth tested; extensive >50% of teeth tested. A semi-quantified food consumption frequency questionnaire was administered. BMI was calculated for each participant. Overall Plaque Index was 1.18. Calculus was present on 40.40% of the sample, 19.4% had supragingival calculus and 21% had either supragingival/subgingival calculus or both. Presence of calculus was related with number of bleeding surfaces (p=0.030). Number of teeth with calculus was related to bleeding(p=0.029), and number of bleeding surfaces (p=0.009). Gingival Index was 0.97, mild gingivitis. Gingivitis was present on 96.8% of children examined. Limited gingivitis was present in 11.5% of children and extensive gingivitis in 88.5%. None of the variables measured differed by gender. No relationships were found between the consumption of starchy foods, animal and vegetable protein sources, fruit, vegetables, fast foods, sugar sweetened beverages and desserts with Plaque Index, calculus, Gingival Index, and BOP. Teeth calculus was related with being overweight (chi- square=0.038). BMI for males was 20.21 and females 20.11. BMI was not related to BOP or calculus. Within the limitations of this pilot study, we concluded the prevalence of gingivitis and calculus is high in the sample examined. A greater sample is needed to determine correlations between the frequency of foods evaluated and gingival health.

Resumen: La investigación sobre la salud gingival en escolares de 12 años en Costa Rica es escasa. Dado que la nutrición es un componente integral de la salud oral, este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el estado de salud gingival de los niños de 12 años de la escuela Carmen Lyra, San José, Costa Rica, y correlacionar estas variables con la frecuencia de ingesta de diferentes tipos de alimentos y el índice de masa corporal (IMC (kg/m2)). Sesenta y dos escolares de 12 años fueron reclutados. Una periodoncista calibrada, evaluó el índice de placa (Silness y Löe, 1964), la presencia de cálculo y el índice gingival (Löe y Silness, 1967). La gingivitis se definió como la presencia de sangrado al sondaje en al menos un sitio. La extensión se clasificó de acuerdo con el porcentaje de dientes que presentaba sangrado al sondaje. Entre un 25-49% de los dientes con sangrado al sondaje, gingivitis limitada y extensiva, si presentaba más del 50% de dientes con sangrado al sondaje. Se administró un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. El IMC se calculó para cada participante. El índice de placa fue de 1,18. El cálculo estuvo presente en el 40.40% de la muestra, el 19.4% tenía cálculo supragingival y el 21% tenía cálculo supragingival / subgingival o ambos. La presencia de cálculo se relacionó con el número de superficies sangrantes (p=0.030). El número de dientes con cálculo, se relacionó con el sangrado (p=0.029) y el número de superficies sangrantes (p=0.009). El índice gingival fue de 0.97, gingivitis leve. La gingivitis estuvo presente en el 96,8% de los niños examinados. La gingivitis limitada estuvo presente en el 11.5% de los niños y la gingivitis extensa en el 88.5%. Ninguna de las variables evaluadas difirió por género. No se encontraron relaciones entre el consumo de harinas, fuentes de proteínas animales y vegetales, frutas, verduras, comidas rápidas, bebidas azucaradas y postres con el índice de placa, cálculo, índice gingival y sangrado al sondaje. El cálculo se relacionó con el sobrepeso (chi-cuadrado=0.038). El IMC para los hombres fue 20.21 y las mujeres 20.11. El IMC no estaba relacionado con el sangrado al sondaje o cálculo. Dentro de las limitaciones de este estudio piloto, concluimos que la prevalencia de gingivitis y cálculo es alta en la muestra examinada. Se necesita una muestra mayor para determinar las correlaciones entre la ingesta de los diferentes tipos de alimentos evaluados y la salud gingival.

"Amar" el índice de O'Leary / The O'Leary index, a.k.a. the "Love" index

La detección y cuantificación de placa dental bacteriana se considera básica en la práctica de la estomatología. El índice O'Leary constituye una herramienta sencilla que mide la cantidad de placa dental bacteriana en los dientes, y resulta uno de los más efectivos en la evaluación de la higiene bucal. La connotación que tiene la higiene bucal en varias esferas de la vida quizás llevó a que este índice fuera bautizado en Cuba como índice de Love (Amor); por lo que nos proponemos esclarecer la conveniencia del empleo de la denominación internacional de este(AU)

Detection and quantification of bacterial dental plaque is considered to be crucial in dental practice. The O'Leary index is a simple tool to measure the amount of bacterial dental plaque on teeth and one of the most effective means to evaluate oral hygiene. The connotation of oral hygiene in several spheres of life is probably the reason why this index is also known in Cuba as the Love Index. We intend to shed light on the advisability of using the international term(AU)

Utilización del Colutorio de Aloe Vera en el Control de la Gingivitis en Pacientes Adultos: Un Estudio Preliminar / Use of Aloe Vera Mouthwash in the Control of Gingivitis in Adult Patients: A Preliminary Study

RESUMEN: La gingivitis implica una inflamación de las encías debido a la acumulación de placa, factores anatómicos, por la microbiota subgingival entre otros factores de riesgos, infectando los tejidos que rodean el diente. La utilización de colutorios colabora al cepillado en la prevención, control y reducción de esta condición, por lo que la generación de nuevos productos resulta primordial en el tratamiento de patologías periodontales. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la eficacia del colutorio de Aloe Vera comparado con colutorios de clorhexidina en pacientes adultos que presenten gingivitis, en la comuna de Concepción, Chile. El diseño fue una serie de casos. Se evaluó la eficacia del colutorio de aloe vera sobre la gingivitis comparado con colutorio de clorhexidina pacientes entre 18 y 25 años a los diez días de uso en dos grupos con una relación 1:1. Las variables analizadas fueron el índice gingival e índice de placa. El universo fue de 87 sujetos. La muestra se calculó mediante análisis de varianzas arrojando 18 sujetos. Se aprobó por un comité de bioética. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, además de la t de Student para las asociaciones. Los resultados mostraron una significativa reducción del índice de placa para clorhexidina (IPI de 57,8 a IPF de 27,7), Aloe vera (IPI de 64,3 a IPF de 42,1) y en el índice gingival para clorhexidina (IGI de 0,26 a IGF de 0,11), aloe vera (IGI de 0,95 a IGF de 0,42). El colutorio de aloe vera disminuye significativamente la concentración de placa y la inflamación gingival.

ABSTRACT: Gingivitis correspond to inflammation of the gums as a result of plaque deposits, a material composed of bacteria attached to the tooth, infecting surrounding tissues, in addition to microorganisms of the subgingival microbiota. The use of mouthwash in addition to brushing, helps in the prevention, control and reduction of this condition, so that the generation of new products is paramount in the treatment of periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to establish the efficacy of Aloe Vera Mouthwash compared with Chlorhexidine mouthwash in adults and patients with gingivitis, in the municipality of Concepción, Chile. The design was a clinical pilot study. The effectiveness of Aloe Vera mouthwash on Gingivitis mouthwash versus chlorhexidine between 18 and 25 on the tenth day of use was evaluated. The variables analyzed were the plaque index and gingival index. A total of 87 subjects were analyzed. The sample was calculated by analysis of variance yielding 18 subjects. It was approved by a committee of bioethics. Descriptive statistics were used in addition to the Student t test for associations. Results showed a significant reduction in the rate of Plaque for chlorhexidine (ICI IPF 57.8 to 27.7), Aloe Vera (IPI IPF 64.3 to 42.1) and Gingival Index for chlorhexidine (IGI 0.26 0.11 IGF), aloe Vera (IGI 0.95 0.42 IGF). Aloe Vera mouthwash significantly decreases the concentration of plaque and gingival inflammation.

Gingivitis and associated factors in preschoolers from community homes in Valle del Cauca / Gingivitis y factores asociados en preescolares de hogares comunitarios del Calle del Cauca

Abstract. Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of gingivitis and associated factors in preschoolers from community homes in 6 municipalities of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Methods: analytical transverse study in 982 children from 11 community homes selected by simple random sampling; the presence of gingivitis and the community bacterial plaque index (CBP) were recorded. Results: a gingivitis prevalence of 30.8% and a bacterial plaque index of 41.3% (CI95% 40.4-42.5) were found. A plaque level of 2.2% was considered acceptable. The highest prevalence of gingivitis was related to the Afro-descendant population, preschoolers' poor oral hygiene, and poor oral health knowledge among the mothers from evaluated community homes. Conclusions: A high prevalence of gingivitis was found in connection to high levels of bacterial plaque and the presence of caries, reflecting the health services' poor response to preschoolers' oral problems.

RESUMEN. Introducción: el objetivo del presente estudio consistió en evaluar la prevalencia de gingivitis y sus factores asociados en preescolares de hogares comunitarios de 6 municipios del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Métodos: estudio transversal analítico en 982 niños de 11 hogares comunitarios seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio simple; se registró la presencia de gingivitis y el índice de placa bacteriana comunitario (IPC). Resultados: se encontró una prevalencia de gingivitis de 30,8% y un índice de placa bacteriana de 41,3% (IC95% 40,4-42,5). El nivel de placa considerado como aceptable fue de 2,2%. La mayor prevalencia de gingivitis estuvo relacionada con población afrodescendiente, mala higiene bucal de los preescolares y deficientes conocimientos en salud bucal por parte de las madres comunitarias de los hogares evaluados. Conclusiones: se encontró una alta prevalencia de gingivitis relacionada con altos niveles de placa bacteriana y con la presencia de caries, lo que refleja la poca respuesta de los servicios de salud a los problemas bucodentales de los preescolares.

Efectividad a 3 y 6 meses de una intervención integral para caries dental en escolares de San Antonio del Monte, Sonsonate; Cara Sucia, Ahuachapán; Uluazapa, San Miguel y San Salvador / Effectiveness at 3 and 6 months of an integral intervention for dental caries in schoolchildren from San Antonio del Monte, Sonsonate; Cara Sucia, Ahuachapán; Uluazapa, San Miguel and San Salvador

Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad a 3 y 6 meses de una intervención integral de caries en dientes permanentes en escolares de 9 a 11 años atendidos por cinco Unidades Comunitarias de Salud Familiar en el año 2017. Metodología: Esta investigación fue de tipo intervención comunitaria, con grupo control tipo pre-post, en dientes permanentes de 120 escolares de centros educativos públicos. Se realizó un total de 1164 sellantes de fosas y fisuras, 65 remineralizaciones con flúor barniz y 277 obturaciones. La evaluación de la intervención se llevó a cabo posterior a 3 y 6 meses, para medir la efectividad de acuerdo a reducción de placa dentobacteriana, caries dental y supervivencia de los tratamientos. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la prueba estadística de Anova y Análisis de Supervivencia. Resultados: Al diagnóstico inicial un 17.50% de la población tenía nivel de higiene oral óptimo y 73.33% a los 6 meses; se encontró una media inicial de CPO-D de 3.43 disminuyendo a 2.34 a los 6 meses. Se encontraron valores estadísticos significativos de efectividad de sellantes de fosas y fisuras de 83.13% y 62.73% respectivamente, con un IC95%; así mismo, se encontró la efectividad de obturaciones de 92.77% y 91.69% a los tres y seis meses. Conclusión: La intervención realizada mostró ser efectiva a los 3 y 6 meses para prevenir y limitar los daños de la caries dental en la dentición permanente.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of an integral intervention in dental caries in permanent teeth after 3 and 6 months in school children 9 to 11 years old treated by five Family Health Community Units in 2017. Methodology: This research was a community-intervention type with a prepost control group in permanent teeth in 120 students from public schools. There was a total of 1,164 pit-and-fissure sealants, 65 remineralizations with fluoride varnish and 277 obturations performed. The evaluation of the intervention was carried out in a later period at 3 and 6 months to measure the effectiveness based on the reduction of dental plaque, dental caries and the treatment´s survival. For the data analysis, the Anova statistical test and Survival Analysis were used. Results: At the initial diagnosis 17.50% of the population had an optimal oral hygiene level and 73.33% at six months. An initial CPO-D mean of 3.43 was found, decreasing to 2.34 at six months. Significant statistical values of effectiveness of pit-and-fissure sealants was found to be 83.13% and 62.73% respectively, with an IC95%; similarly, the effectiveness of obturations was 92.77% and 91.69% at three and six months. Conclusion: The intervention carried out proved to be effective at 3 and 6 months to prevent and limit the damage of dental caries in permanent dentition.

Prevalencia de caries en preescolares de hogares comunitarios en el Valle del Cauca y factores sociales relacionados / Caries prevalence of preschool age children in community homes of the Cauca Valle and related social factors

Resumen La caries dental es un problema de salud pública debido a su alta frecuencia en la población y los costos que implican para la sociedad. Los estudios realizados en las últimas décadas en la población menor de seis años de edad han encontrado una prevalencia en un rango entre 20 y 70%. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue describir los indicadores de caries como índice y nivel de COP, antecedentes de caries y prevalencia de caries dental en niños en algunos hogares comunitarios de seis municipios del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 982 niños de hogares comunitarios de seis municipios. El índice clásico de la СОР y la COP modificada se registraron de acuerdo con un instrumentó clínico proporcionado por el Ministerio de Protección Social de Colombia. Los estimadores se calcularon teniendo en cuenta el diseño, utilizando el programa estadístico SPSS versión 19. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de caries del 45.6% (caries con o sin cavitación). El COP clásico fue de 1.7 (1С del 95%: 1.5-1.9) en la población de dos a cinco años y aumentó a 2.3 incluyendo la modificación de la caries sin cavitación. En el análisis de regresión simple, el tipo de seguridad social, la condición étnica y la edad se correlacionaron con el nivel de COP. Conclusión: Este estudio encontró una prevalencia y antecedentes de caries en la población preescolar menor que la reportada en el Tercer Estudio Nacional de Salud Oral en la población de cinco años y los resultados reportados en el estudio IV a los tres y cinco años.

ABSTRACT Dental caries represents a public health problem due to its high frequency in population and the cost it represents for society, studies conducted in recent decades in children under the age of six have found prevalence in a 20 to 70% range. Objective: The aim of the present study was to describe caries indicators such as DMF index and degree, caries history and caries prevalence found in children living in some community homes of six municipalities of Valle del Cauca in Colombia. Material and methods: A cross-sectioned study was conducted in 982 children lodged in community homes of six municipalities. Classic index of DMF and modified DMF were recorded according to a clinical instrument provided by the Social Protection Ministry of Colombia. Estimators were calculated bearing in mind the design and using statistical program SPSS, Version 19. Results: A 45.6% caries prevalence was found (caries with or without cavitation). Classic DMF was 1.7 (95% СІ: 1.5-1.9) in the two to five year old population and increased to 2.3 when including the modification of caries without cavitation. In the simple regression analysis, type of social security, ethnicity and age were correlated to DMF teeth. Conclusion: The present study found lesser prevalence and history of caries in pre-school age children than that reported in the third national oral health study in five year old population, as well as results reported in the fourth study for population aged 3-5 years.

Plaque index and gingival index during rapid maxillary expansion of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess, during rapid maxillary expansion, the plaque index (PI) and the gingival index (GI) of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate(UCLP) using Hyrax (HX) or inverted mini-Hyrax (IMHX) rapid maxillary expanders (RME) considering patients' sex and age. Methods: PI (Quigley Index modified by Turesky et al) and GI (Löe and Silness) of 28 UCLP (11 females; 17 males: aged 8 to 15 years) submitted to daily RME activation were assessed before (T0) and 7 (T1), 28 (T2) and 90 (T3) days after activation. Log-linear models and Bonferroni correction were performed to analyze possible differences in PI and GI between RME, sexes or age groups over time. Results: Intra-group comparison revealed significant increases in PI of patients using HX (T0 < T2), IMHX (T0 < T3; T1< T3), males (T0 < T1; T0 < T2; T0 < T3) or aged 12-15 years (T0 < T1; T0 < T2; T0 < T3), and in GI of patients using IMHX (T0 < T3; T1 < T3), females (T1 < T3; T2 < T3) or aged 12-15 years (T0 < T3; T2 < T3). One inter-group difference in GI according to patients' age (8-11 < 12-15; T1) was observed. Conclusions: Since a single difference between groups was encountered, the results of this study indicated that PI and GI during maxillary expansion were similar between HX and IMHX, sexes and the analyzed age groups. Therefore, orthodontists can use these RME in UCLP patients according to the patient's necessity or their preferences.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar, durante a expansão rápida da maxila (ERM), o índice de placa dentária (IP) e o índice gengival (IG) de pacientes com fissura labiopalatina unilateral (FLPU), usando o aparelho disjuntor Hyrax (HX) ou o mini-Hyrax invertido (MHXI), considerando-se também o sexo e a idade. Métodos: o IP (Quigley-Hein modificado por Turesky et al.) e o IG (Silness e Löe) de 28 pacientes com FLPU (11 meninas; 8-15 anos de idade) tratados com ativação diária do aparelho de ERM foram avaliados antes (T0) e após 7 (T1), 28 (T2) e 90 (T3) dias da ativação inicial. Modelos de regressão log-linear e correção de Bonferroni foram usados para analisar as possíveis diferenças de IP e IG entre os grupos, de acordo com o tipo de aparelho de ERM, sexo e idade, ao longo do tempo. Resultados: as comparações intragrupos revelaram aumentos significativos do IP em pacientes usando HX (T0< T2) ou MHXI (T0< T3; T1< T3), com idades entre 12 e 15 anos (T0 < T1; T0 < T2; T0 < T3), e do IG de pacientes usando MHXI (T0< T3; T1< T3), que eram meninas (T1 < T3; T2 < T3), com idades entre 12 e 15 anos (T0 < T3; T2 < T3). Uma diferença no IG entre grupos foi observada em relação à idade dos pacientes (8-11 < 12-15; T1). Conclusões: uma única diferença entre grupos foi encontrada, o que sugere que os resultados de IP e IG, durante a expansão maxilar, foram semelhantes entre os grupos HX e MHXI, bem como entre os sexos e idades analisadas. Dessa forma, os ortodontistas podem usar esses aparelhos de ERM no tratamento de pacientes com FLPU de acordo com as necessidades do paciente ou suas preferências.

Comparison of two commercial dentifrices in the reduction of gingivitis and plaque: a pilot study / Comparação de dois dentífricos comerciais na redução da gengivite e da placa bacteriana: um ensaio clínico randomizado controlado

Objectives: Chlorhexidine (CHX) and triclosan are the most used chemical agents in dentistry. However, the combination of these products has never been tested. We hypothesize that the addition of CHX to a triclosan dentifrice formulation may offer additional benefits in the reduction of plaque and gingivitis. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare a commercial dentifrice containing 0.05% chlorhexidine and 0.3% triclosan, with conventional toothpaste containing 0.3% triclosan, in the treatment of gingivitis and plaque reduction. Material and Methods: Thirty volunteers were randomly assigned to receive a dentifrice containing 0.05% CHX and 0.3% triclosan (CHX/ triclosan group) or a dentifrice containing basically 0.3% triclosan (Triclosan group). Subjects received clinical evaluation such as gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) at baseline, 30 and 60 days. Results: After 60 days, both treatments led to a significant improvement in GI and PI. There was no significant difference between groups as regards change in GI and PI (p>0.05). Conclusion: The combination of 0.05% CHX with 0.3% triclosan did not offer further benefits to gingival inflammation and plaque control when compared with a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan. (AU)

Objetivos: Clorexidina e triclosan são os agentes químicos mais utilizados em odontologia. No entanto, a combinação desses produtos nunca foi testada. Nós levantamos a hipótese de que a adição de clorexidina a um dentifrício contendo triclosan pode oferecer benefícios adicionais na redução de placa e gengivite. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar um dentífrico comercial contendo 0,05% de clorhexidina e 0,3% de triclosan, com creme dental convencional contendo 0,3% de triclosan, no tratamento de gengivite e redução da placa. Material e Métodos: trinta voluntários foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para receber um dentifrício contendo 0,05% de clorexidina e 0,3% de triclosan ou um dentifrício contendo basicamente 0,3% de triclosan. Os indivíduos receberam avaliação clínica de índice gengival (IG) e índice de placa (IP) nos tempos 0, 30 e 60 dias. Resultados: após 60 dias, ambos os tratamentos levaram a uma melhora significativa no IG e IP. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos no que se refere à mudança no IG e IP (p> 0,05). Conclusão: A combinação de 0,05% de Clorexidina com 0,3% de triclosan não ofereceu benefícios adicionais para a redução de inflamação gengival e o controle da placa quando comparado com um dentifrício contendo 0,3% de triclosan (AU)

Epidemiología del estado de salud periodontal en la VII Región del Maule, Chile / Epidemiology of periodontal status in the Maule Region, Chile

Antecedentes Pese a que la enfermedad periodontal es una patología altamente prevalente, en Chile la información regional es escasa y limitada, especialmente en lo referente a la realidad de la población rural. Objetivo Dada la falta de datos locales y el alto índice de ruralidad de la Región del Maule, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el estado periodontal de la población de 6, 12, 15, 35 a 44 y 65 a 74 años que vive en la Región del Maule. Metodología Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal (EpiMaule) con 2.414 personas, agrupadas según las edades de vigilancia epidemiológica señaladas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para estudios poblacionales, sexo y zona de procedencia. Se midió el índice de placa bacteriana de Silness y Löe (IP), el índice gingival de Löe y Silness (IG) y el índice periodontal comunitario (IPC). Se analizaron los datos mediante estadística descriptiva y analítica con un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados La gran mayoría de la población presentó niveles moderados de placa bacteriana y de inflamación gingival, tanto los niños como los adultos y los adultos mayores. Los adolescentes de 15 años mostraron la mayor prevalencia de sangramiento al sondaje en todas las edades examinadas. Los adultos mayores mostraron los valores más altos de IP (1,75) e IG (1,62) entre todos los grupos estudiados, afectando mayormente a los mayores que viven en zonas rurales. Los hombres y la población rural presentan los valores más altos para el IP como para el IG (p < 0,05). Con un 77,2% de la población de 35 a 44 años, el código 2 del IPC fue el más frecuentemente detectado. Por su parte, el 28,8% de los participantes de 65-74 años tenían profundidades al sondaje ≥ 4 mm, representando el grupo etario con mayor prevalencia de este nivel de IPC (p < 0,05). Conclusiones La población de la Región del Maule presenta importantes diferencias en el estado periodontal según edad, sexo y ruralidad, siendo los más afectados los adultos mayores. Estos datos sugieren la necesidad de implementar políticas de salud bucal que aborden diferencialmente las distintas necesidades de las personas.

Background Despite periodontal disease being highly prevalent in Chile, information from the regions is scarce and limited, particular as regards the situation in the rural population. Objective Given the lack of local data and the high rurality index of the Maule Region, the aim of this study was to determine the periodontal status of the 6, 12, 15, 35 to 44, and 65 to 74 year-old population that lives in the Region. Methodology A cross-sectional study (EpiMaule) was conducted on 2,414 individuals, grouped according to the epidemiological surveillance ages indicated by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for population studies, sex and area of study. The measurements made include the Silness-Löe bacterial plaque index (IP), Silness-Löe gingival index (IG), and the community periodontal index (IPC). The data were analysed using descriptive and analytical statistics with a significance level of 5%. Results The large majority of the population, including children, adults and the elderly, had moderate levels of bacterial plaque and gingival inflammation. Adolescents of 15 years showed the highest prevalence of bleeding on probing in all the ages examined. The older adults had the highest IP (1.75) and IG values among all the groups studied, mainly affecting the older ones that lived in rural areas. Males and the rural population had the highest values for IP as well as for IG (P < .05). A CPI level of 2 was most frequently detected in 77.2% of the 35 to 44 years population. On the other hand, more than one-quarter (28.8%) of the 65-74 year-old participant had probe depths ≥ 4 mm, being the age group with a high prevalence at this CPI level (P < .05). Conclusions The population of the Maule Region show significant differences in periodontal status, according to age, sex, and rurality, with the elderly being the most affected. These data suggest the need to implement oral health policies that differentially approach the individual needs of the population.

Validación de recursos humanos pre-profesionales para la detección de biofilm en niños en edad escolar / Validation of preprofessional resources for detecting biofilm in schoolchildren

Objetivo: Estimar la concordancia para la detección de biofilm dental entre recursos humanos que participan de programas de educación para la salud con diferente nivel de formación profesional. Métodos: Se seleccionó en forma intencionada un grupo deestudiantes de los primeros años de la carrera de odontología que participan como ayudantes en el curso Educación para la Salud (n= 8) (Grupo A). Los examinadores de referencia fueron odontólogos/docentes universitarios que desarrollan acciones sistemáticas de educación para la salud en escuelas públicas de Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C.A.B.A.) (n= 2) (Grupo B). Se examinaron 67 escolares (edades 7 a 9 años) previo consentimiento informado de los responsables legales y el asentimiento de los niños/as. Los diagnósticos se realizaron bajo condiciones estandarizadas en la sede escolar. Los pares de examinadores determinaron en cada escolar la presencia de biofilm dental, primero a simple vista y luego con solución reveladora (Índice de O`Leary, 1970). La concordancia se valoró utilizando el coeficiente de correlación intraclase para valores absolutos. La fuerza del grado de acuerdo se valoró según Landis y Koch, 1977. Resultados: El coeficiente de correlación intraclase fue: 1) para el índice de placa visible: medidas individuales = 0,71 IC95 por ciento [0,56-0,81]; promedios = 0,83 IC95 por ciento [0,71-0,90] b) para el índice de O´Leary: medidas individuales = 0,62 IC95 por ciento [0,44-0,75]; promedios = 0,77 IC95 por ciento [0,61-0,86]. Conclusión: los examinadores del Grupo A (recursos humanos pre-reprofesionales) respecto del Grupo B (recursos humanos profesionales) alcanzaron un grado considerable de concordancia para la detección de placa a simple vista y un grado moderado de concordancia para la detección de placa con solución reveladora.

Objective: The aim of this study was to measure inter-observer agreement in the assessment of dental biofilm between subjectsparticipating in health education programs with different levels of professional training. METHODS: In order to perform thisvalidation procedure, a group of undergraduate students in the initial years of the career of dentistry engaged as teaching assistants for aHealth Education Course (n=8) was intentionally recruited (GROUP A). Freshmen dental graduates / teaching assistants whodevelop systematic health educational activities in public schools (n=2). 67 children (ages 7 to 9) were considered reference examiners(GROUP B). Clinical examinations were performed among 67 schoolchildren (ages 7 to 9 years old). Informed consent of children´slegal guardians and assent of children themselves as for participation in the study were obtained. At first, examiners set into pairs,assessed dental biofilm presence/absence in each child visually (Visual Plaque Index). The same procedure was repeated after applyingdisclosing solution (O´Leary Index). The intraclass correlation index (ICI) was used to establish interobserver agreement whereas theLandis-Koch criteria was used to interpret the results. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation index was 1) Visual Plaque Index:individual measures = 0,71 IC95% [0,56-0,81]; average measures = 0,83 IC95% [0,71-0,90] b) O´Leary Index: individualmeasures = 0,62 IC95% [0,44-0,75]; average measures = 0,77 IC95% [0,61-0,86]. CONCLUSION: examiners fromGROUP A (undergraduate students) respect to those from GROUP B (graduates) reached a substantial agreement in the assessment ofdental biofilm visually and a moderate degree of agreement in the assessment of dental biofilm using disclosing solution.

Levantamento transversal da relação do índice de placa com o grau de escolaridade, idade e frequência do uso do fio dental e escova em pacientes de 31 a 69 anos de idade / The relationship of plaque index, educational degree, age, and frequency of dental fl oss in patients from 31 to 69 years-old ­ a cross-sectional study

Objetivo: estudar o índice de placa e a sua correlação com a técnica de higiene empregada, com o grau de escolaridade, idade, frequência e o conhecimento sobre a higiene oral. Material e métodos: em uma amostra da população da cidadede Divinópolis/MG, foi aplicado um questionário específico sobre os hábitos de higiene oral. O exame clínico foi realizado com sonda milimetrada, e a placa evidenciada pelo corante. Todos os pacientes foram divididos em quatro faixas etárias e receberam reforço na higiene oral. As possíveis associações entre os critérios foram investigadas com o teste Qui-quadrado. Resultados: 216 pacientes (86 homens, 130 mulheres) foram incluídos. No total, 5.853 dentes e 23.412 faces foram analisados. O nível de placa variou de 54,29% (60-69 anos) a 60,10% (40-49 anos), e as faces interproximais foram as mais coradas (83,27%). Um total de 140 pacientes não tinha realizado tratamento periodontal prévio; dos 76 pacientes com tratamento prévio, 34 não haviam sido instruídos sobre a higiene oral. Metade dos pacientes relatou usar a escova dental três vezes ao dia; 1/3 dos pacientes usavam o fio dental duas vezes e estavam no ensino médio. Conclusão: 1) há necessidade de uma campanha maciça sobre a importância da escova dental e do fio dental, e como usá-los; 2) os menores índices de placa estão nos indivíduos de grau superior; 3) as faces proximais coradas confirmam a falta de uso do fio dental, principalmente nos pacientes que foram submetidos ao tratamento periodontal, por ausência de informação profissional.

Objective: to study the plaque index and possible correlations with oral hygiene, educational levels, age, and frequency of dental flossing. Material and methods: a patient sample from Divinopolis/MG received an appropriate questionnaire survey regarding their oral hygiene habits. The clinical exam was made with a periodontal probe and a disclosing agent. All patients were divided according to 4 age conditions and receive further oral instructions. Possible associations were investigated with the Chi-square method. Results: 216 patients (86 men, 130 women) were included. Overall, 5,852 teeth and 23,412 surfaces were examined. Plaque levels varied from 54.29% (60-69 years) to 60.10% (40-49 years), being most prevalent at the proximal surfaces (83.27%). 140 patients did not have previous periodontal treatment; from 76 patients under active periodontal treatment, 34 had no oral hygiene instructions. Half of the patients reported the use of toothbrushing 3 times a day; 1/3 of patients reported flossing twice a day. Conclusion: 1) a massive campaign is needed to underscore the importance of oral hygiene and dental floss, 2) the lowest plaque scores were observed in people with higher education, 3) the proximal surfaces confirmed the lack of dental floss, particularly in patients under periodontal treatment due to the lack of professional information.

Índice de higiene oral simplificado en escolares de 6 años de edad, Ecuador, 2016

Introducción: La salud bucal tiene una relación dinámica con la salud general y la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo del estudio realizado fue determinar el índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado en niños de 6 años de edad de la parroquia Chiquintad del cantón Cuenca, en el año 2016. Métodos: Se manejó una muestra de 51 escolares de ambos sexos, se utilizó el Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado de Greene y Vermillion aplicado en dentición decidua que consta de un índice de placa blanda y el índice de placa calcificada. Conclusiones: La media de IHO-S en la parroquia Chiquintad fue 0,458 sin presentar una diferencia significativa entre los sexos. El nivel de higiene oral fue bueno en ambos sexos (90%), no se presentó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos (valor p 0,389).

Introduction: Oral health has a dynamic relationship with the general health and quality of life of patients. Objective: of the study was to determine the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index in 6-year-old children of the Chiquintad of the Cantón Cuenca, in the year 2016. Methods: A sample of 51 schoolchildren of both sexes was used, the Hygiene Index was used Simplified oral of Greene and Vermillion applied in deciduous dentition consisting of a soft plaque index and calcified plaque index. Conclusions: The mean of IHO-S in the Chiquintad parish was 0.458 without presenting a significant difference between the sexes. The level of oral hygiene was good in both sexes (90%), there was no statistically significant difference between the two (p value 0.389).

Comparação da presença de placa bacteriana em pacientes durante o tratamento ortodôntico com braquetes autoligáveis e convencionais / Comparison of bacterial plaque on patients with self-ligating and conventional brackets

Objetivo: comparar a presença de placa bacteriana em pacientes submetidos ao tratamento ortodôntico com braquetes autoligados e convencionais. Material e métodos: a amostra foi composta por 31 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, com média de idade de 20,3 anos, que procuraram tratamento ortodôntico na clínica do mestrado em Odontologia da Unopar. Esta amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: grupo 1 ­ 11 pacientes tratados com braquetes autoligados passivos (EasyClip, Aditek, Cravinhos/SP); e grupo 2 ­ 20 pacientes tratados com braquetes pré-ajustados convencionais (Abzil/3M Unitek, Monrovia/CA), amarrados com ligadura metálica. A presença de placa bacteriana foi verificada através do índice de placa ortodôntico, utilizando pastilhas de fucsina a 2%, em três tempos distintos: T1 ­ um mês após a instalação do aparelho ortodôntico; T2 ­ quatro meses após a instalação do aparelho; e T3 ­ seis meses após a instalação do aparelho ortodôntico. A comparação dos valores de placa bacteriana entre os dois grupos nos três períodos estudados foi realizada com o emprego da análise de variância dois critérios, adotando um nível de significância de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados: não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes em relação à presença de placa bacteriana entre os dois grupos. Conclusão: dessa forma, não é possível afirmar que os braquetes autoligados apresentam como vantagem a menor retenção de placa bacteriana em relação aos braquetes convencionais.

Objective: was to compare plaque retention surrounding two brackets types, self-ligating and conventional. Material and methods: the sample comprised 31 male and female patients (mean age of 20.3 years). This sample was divided into two groups: group 1 ­ 11 patients that were bonded with passive self-ligating brackets (EasyClip, Aditek, Cravinhos/SP); and group 2 ­ 20 patients that were bonded with conventional brackets (Abzil/3M Unitek, Monrovia/CA). The presence of plaque was evaluated using the orthodontic board index with 2% fuchsine tablets in three different times: T1 ­ 1 month after the installation of the braces; T2 ­ 4 months following appliance bonding; and T3 ­ 6 months following appliance bonding. The comparison of plaque retention between groups in the three study periods was performed by means of a two-way Anova, adopting a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). Results: there were no statistically significant differences regarding the presence of plaque compared the two groups. Conclusion: based on the results of this research, we cannot affirm that self-ligating brackets present the advantage of lower plaque retention comparing to conventional brackets.

Periodontal status of teeth restored with crowns and their contralateral homologues, Valdivia. Chile / Estado periodontal de dientes rehabilitados con prótesis fija unitaria y sus homólogos contralaterales, Valdivia - Chile

To determine periodontal status of fixed single prostheses (FSP) installed in 2013 at Austral University of Chile, and its contralateral homologue (CH). Methods: A group of patients with FSP installed during 2013, who met the selection criteria and agreed to participate in the study were evaluated. Probing depth, attachment level; bleeding on probing and dental plaque index for each FSP and CH were measured in 2014; biological width invasion was also evaluated. One FSP and one CH were measured per patient, and in 6 sites for each tooth. Results: Seventy-four patients were evaluated. The majority were women (73 percent); posterior teeth accounted for 63.5 percent. The majority of participants had history of previous periodontal disease (85.1 percent), of which 58.7 percent was Periodontitis. Six of the patients with a history of gingivitis progressed to periodontitis (23.07 percent); while 100 percent of patients with no history of periodontal disease maintained their condition. Only 4 of the FSP evaluated showed biological invasion width. Discussion: Similar results were found for FSP and CH teeth with respect to probing depth, clinical attachment level and bleeding on probing. However, a difference in relation to dental plaque index was observed: positive in 58.1percent CH and positive in 29.7 percent FSP. Under the conditions of this study, it is concluded that the periodontal status of teeth with FSP does not differ from CH...

Objetivo: Determinar el estado periodontal de los dientes rehabilitados con prótesis fija unitaria (PFU) realizadas el año 2013 en Universidad Austral de Chile, y la de su homólogo contralateral (HCL). Material y método: Se evaluaron los pacientes con PFU realizadas durante el 2013 que cumplieron con los criterios de selección y aceptaron participar. Se midió durante el año 2014: profundidad al sondaje, nivel de inserción, sangramiento al sondaje e índice de placa para cada PFUy HCL; y se consignó invasión del ancho biológico. Se midió una PFU y un HCL por cada paciente, y 6 sitios por cada diente. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Se evaluaron 74 pacientes de los cuales 73 por ciento fueronmujeres. El 63,5 por ciento de los dientes evaluados fueron posteriores. El 85,1 por ciento tenía antecedentes de enfermedad periodontal previa, de los cuales el 58,7 por ciento correspondió aPeriodontitis. De los pacientes con antecedentes de gingivitis, 6 progresaron a periodontitis (23,07 por ciento); mientras que el 100 por ciento de los pacientes sin antecedentes de enfermedad periodontal mantuvieron su condición. Sólo 4 de las PFU evaluadas tenían Invasión del ancho biológico.Discusión: Se encontraron resultados similares entre PFU y HCL para las variables profundidad al sondaje,nivel de inserción clínica y sangramiento al sondaje. Sinembargo, hubo diferencias en índice de placa, positivo en un 58,1 por ciento de los HCL y en un 29,7 por ciento, de las PFU. Bajo las condiciones del presente estudio se concluye que el estado periodontal de los dientes rehabilitados con PFU no difiere del estado de los HCL...

Alterations in plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation promoted by treatment with self-ligating and conventional orthodontic brackets

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate, comparatively, the periodontal response during orthodontic treatment performed with self-ligating and conventional brackets. METHODS: Sixteen Caucasian individuals of both sexes, aged between 12 and 16 years old and in permanent dentition were selected. Eight individuals were treated with conventional brackets installed on the lower dental arch and self-ligating brackets on the upper arch. Another eight individuals received self-ligating brackets in the lower arch and conventional brackets in the upper arch. The subjects received material and instructions for oral hygiene. Visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were evaluated just after installation of orthodontic appliances, and 30, 60 and 180 days later. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare differences between groups (self-ligating and conventional), two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test was used to assess CAL at each site of each tooth. Significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: No significant changes were found with regard to the assessed parameters (VPI, GBI and CAL) in either one of the systems. CONCLUSION: No significant changes were found with regard to the periodontal response to orthodontic treatment for the variables assessed and between subjects receiving passive self-ligating and conventional brackets. All individuals had received oral hygiene instructions and had their periodontal conditions monitored. .

OBJETIVO: o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, comparativamente, a resposta periodontal durante o tratamento ortodôntico realizado com braquetes autoligáveis e convencionais. MÉTODOS: dezesseis indivíduos, leucodermas, em dentição permanente, de ambos os sexos, com idades de 12 a 16 anos, foram selecionados. Oito foram tratados com braquetes convencionais instalados na arcada inferior, e braquetes autoligáveis na arcada superior. Os outros oito indivíduos receberam braquetes autoligáveis na arcada inferior e braquetes convencionais na arcada superior. Os pacientes receberam materiais e instruções sobre higiene bucal. O índice de placa visível (IPV), o índice de sangramento gengival (ISG) e o nível de inserção clínica (NIC) foram avaliados logo após a instalação do aparelho e 30, 60 e 180 dias mais tarde. Para comparar as diferenças entre os grupos (braquetes autoligáveis e convencionais), foi utilizado o teste Mann-Whitney; para analisar o NIC em cada local de cada dente, foi utilizada a análise de variância de duas vias, seguida do teste de Tukey, com nível de significância a 5%. RESULTADOS: não houve alteração significativa nos parâmetros avaliados (IPV, ISG e NIC), em nenhum dos dois sistemas. CONCLUSÃO: a resposta periodontal ao tratamento ortodôntico não apresentou diferenças significativas, para nenhuma das variáveis analisadas, entre os indivíduos tratados com braquetes autoligáveis passivos e braquetes convencionais, os quais receberam instruções quanto à adequada higienização bucal e foram submetidos ao monitoramento das condições periodontais. .

Periodontal status of mentally handicapped school children in Caracas, Venezuela: a cross-sectional study / Estado periodontal en escolares con déficit mental en Caracas, Venezuela: estudio de corte transversal

Periodontal disease is a chronic multifactor pathology, characterized by the progressive destruction of the dental structures support tissues. Patients with some type of disability have a higher predisposition to develop periodontal disease, due to bad hygiene, product of their motor and psychological deficiencies, and to their systemic alterations that difficult the defense against periodontopathogenic microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the periodontal status of a group of children with special needs, and a control group. 47 patients with mental retardation and Down syndrome from three special education centers, and 31 healthy patients of ages ranging from 6 to 15 years, were dentally evaluated, to determine their plaque index, gingival index, and the presence of calculus. After gathering the data and tabulating the results, a 1.08 plaque index was determined, and a gingival index of 1.03, corresponding to a mild gingivitis in the study group. On the other hand, on the group of regular patients, there was a 1.08 PI and a 0.96 GI. Calculus percentage was similar on both groups. However, a large percentage of children with mild gingival inflammation was observed in the group of special patients (53.19 percent,) compared to the control group (29 percent).

La enfermedad periodontal es una patología crónica y multifactorial donde ocurre una progresiva destrucción de los tejidos de soporte de las estructuras dentales. El desarrollo de la enfermedad periodontal está dado inicialmente por la presencia de placa dental que aunado a factores inmunológicos, hormonales y celulares conllevan a un desarrollo más rápido o agresivo. Los pacientes que presentan algún tipo de discapacidad, tienen una predisposición mayor a desarrollar enfermedad periodontal debido a la mala higiene por sus deficiencias motoras y psíquicas y a sus alteraciones sistémicas que dificultan la defensa ante los microorganismos periodontopatógenos. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar y comparar el estatus periodontal de un grupo de niños con necesidades especiales y un grupo control. 47 pacientes con Retardo mental y Síndrome de Down pertenecientes a tres centros de educación especial y 31 pacientes sanos con edades comprendidas entre 6 y 15 años fueron evaluados odontológicamente, determinándose el índice de placa, el índice gingival y la presencia de cálculo. Posterior a la obtención y tabulación de los resultados, se determinó un índice de placa de 1.08 que se corresponde con la presencia de una placa adherida leve y un índice gingival de 1.03 que se corresponde con una gingivitis leve en el grupo de estudio. Por el contrario, en el grupo de pacientes regulares se obtuvo 1.08 de IP y 0.96 de IG. El porcentaje de cálculo fue similar en ambos grupos, 48.94 por ciento en el grupo de estudio y 45.16 por ciento en el grupo sano. Sin embargo, se observó un alto porcentaje de niños con inflamación gingival moderada en el grupo de pacientes especiales (53.19 por ciento) comparado con el grupo control (29 por ciento).